Jump to content

New York City Police Department

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected from NYPD)
"NYPD" redirects here. For other uses, see NYPD (disambiguation).
Not to be confused with New York State Police.

City of New York Police Department
Patch
Patch
NYPD shield (officer)
NYPD shield (officer)
Flag
Flag
Common nameNew York City Police Department
AbbreviationNYPD
Motto
  • Fidelis ad Mortem (Latin)
  • "Faithful Unto Death"
Agency overview
FormedMay 23, 1845; 179 years ago (1845-05-23)
Employees50,676[1]
Annual budgetUS$5.4 b (2022)[2]
Jurisdictional structure
Operations jurisdictionNew York City, New York, United States
 
Size468.484 sq mi (1,213.37 km2)
Population8,468,190 (2021)[3]
Legal jurisdictionAs per operations jurisdiction
General nature
Operational structure
HeadquartersOne Police Plaza, Lower Manhattan
Sworn officersApproximately 33,000 sworn officers[1]
Civilian employeesApproximately 19,000 civilian employees[1]
Police Commissioner responsible
Agency executives
Units
List of units
Facilities
Commands
  • 77 precincts[4]
  • 12 transit districts
  • 9 housing police service areas
Police vehicles9,624[5]
Police boats29[6]
Helicopters8
Horses45[citation needed]
K-9 units34
Website
nyc.gov/nypd
nypdonline.org
NYPD Police officer in uniform at the US Women's Soccer Team ticker-tape parade in 2019

The New York City Police Department (NYPD), officially the City of New York Police Department, is the primary law enforcement agency within New York City. Established on May 23, 1845, the NYPD is the largest, and one of the oldest, municipal police departments in the United States.[7]

The NYPD is headquartered at 1 Police Plaza, located on Park Row in Lower Manhattan near City Hall. The NYPD's regulations are compiled in title 38 of the New York City Rules. Dedicated units of the NYPD include the Emergency Service Unit, K-9, harbor patrol, highway patrol, air support, bomb squad, counterterrorism, criminal intelligence, anti-organized crime, narcotics, mounted patrol, public transportation, and public housing units.

The NYPD employs over 40,000 people, including more than 30,000 uniformed officers as of September 2023.[8][9] According to the official CompStat database, the NYPD responded to nearly 500,000 reports of crime and made over 200,000 arrests during 2019.[10][11] In 2020, it had a budget of US$6 billion.[2] However, the NYPD's actual spending often exceeds its budget.[12]

The NYPD has a history of police brutality, corruption, and misconduct, which critics argue persists into the present day.[13][14][15]

Due to its high-profile location in New York City, the largest city and media center in the U.S., fictionalized versions of the NYPD and its officers have frequently been portrayed in novels, radio, television, motion pictures, and video games.

History

[edit]
Main article: History of the New York City Police Department

The Municipal Police were established in 1845, replacing an old night watch system. Mayor William Havemeyer shepherded the NYPD together.[16]

The NYPD appointed its first Black officer in 1911[17] and the first female officer in 1918.[citation needed]

NYPD sergeant searching a cruiser covered in debris during 9/11

During Richard Enright's tenure as commissioner, the country's first Shomrim Society, a fraternal organization of Jewish police officers, was founded in the NYPD in 1924. At the time, NYPD had 700 Jewish officers on the force.[18]

In 1961, highly decorated NYPD officer Mario Biaggi, later a US Congressman, became the first police officer in New York State to be made a member of the National Police Officers Hall of Fame.[19][20][21]

In the mid-1980s, the NYPD began to police street-level drug markets much more intensively, leading to a sharp increase in incarceration.[22]

In 1992, Mayor David Dinkins created an independent Civilian Complaint Review Board for the NYPD. In response to this, some NYPD officers violently protested[23][24] and rioted.[25] They blocked traffic on the Brooklyn Bridge, demonstrated at City Hall and shouted racial epithets.[23][25] The protests were sponsored by the NYPD union.[23]

In 1994 the NYPD developed the CompStat computer system for tracking crime geographically, which is now in use by other police departments in the United States and Canada.[26] Research is mixed on whether CompStat had an impact on crime rates.[27][28]

Throughout the mid to late 1990s, several mergers took place which changed the landscape of policing in New York City. The New York City Transit Police and the New York City Housing Authority Police Department merged into the NYPD in 1995, becoming the Transit Bureau and Housing Bureau respectively.[29] In 1996, the New York City Department of Transportation's Traffic Operations Bureau was merged into the NYPD, becoming the Transportation Bureau. In 1998, the New York City Department of Education's School Safety Division became part of the NYPD's Community Affairs Bureau.

In 2021, the NYPD ceased enforcement of marijuana crimes other than driving under the influence.[30]

In 2024, the NYPD changed its motto from "Courtesy, Professionalism, Respect" to "Fighting Crime, Protecting the Public".[31]

Organization and structure

[edit]
Main article: Organization of the New York City Police Department

The department is administered and governed by the police commissioner, who is appointed by the mayor. Technically, the Commissioner serves a five-year term; as a practical matter, they serve at the mayor's pleasure. The commissioner in turn appoints the first deputy commissioner, numerous deputy commissioners, and the Chief of Department (the most senior uniformed officer). By default, the commissioner and their subordinate deputies are civilians under an oath of office and are not sworn officers. However, a commissioner who comes up from the sworn ranks retains the status and statutory powers of a police officer while serving as commissioner. This affects their police pensions, and their ability to carry a firearm without a pistol permit. Some police commissioners carry a personal firearm, but they also have a full-time security detail.

Commissioners and deputy commissioners are administrators who specialize in areas of great importance to the Department, such as counterterrorism, support services, public information, legal matters, intelligence, and information technology. However, as civilian administrators, deputy commissioners are prohibited from taking operational control of a police situation (the commissioner and the first deputy commissioner may take control of these situations, however). Within the rank structure, there are also designations, known as "grades", that connote differences in duties, experience, and pay. However, supervisory functions are generally reserved for the rank of sergeant and above.

Office of the Chief of Department

[edit]

The Chief of Department serves as the senior sworn member of the NYPD. Jeffrey Maddrey, a longtime NYPD veteran,[32] is the 43rd individual to hold the post,[33] which before 1987 was known as the chief of operations and before that as chief inspector.[34]

Bureaus

[edit]

The department is divided into 20 bureaus,[35] which are typically commanded by a uniformed bureau chief (such as the chief of patrol and the chief of housing) or a civilian deputy commissioner (such as the Deputy Commissioner of Information Technology). The bureaus fit under four umbrellas: Patrol, Transit & Housing, Investigative, and Administrative. Bureaus are often subdivided into smaller divisions and units. All deputy commissioners report directly to the Commissioner and bureau chiefs report to the Commissioner through the Chief of Department.

  • Officers from the Emergency Service Unit
    Officers from the Emergency Service Unit
  • Police boat patrolling the East River
    Police boat patrolling the East River
  • A Highway Patrol officer speaks with a passerby
    A Highway Patrol officer speaks with a passerby
  • 1 Police Plaza, NYPD headquarters
    1 Police Plaza, NYPD headquarters
Bureau Commanding officer Description Subdivisions
Patrol Services Bureau Chief of Patrol The Patrol Services Bureau oversees the majority of the NYPD's uniformed patrol officers. This is the largest bureau. It is under the command of the Chief of Patrol. There are currently eight borough commands (Manhattan North, Manhattan South, Brooklyn North, Brooklyn South, Queens North, Queens South, Staten Island, and The Bronx), with each command headed by an assistant chief. These are further divided into 77 police precincts, which are commanded by a captain, deputy inspector, or inspector; depending on size.
Special Operations Bureau Chief of Special Operations The Special Operations Bureau Manages NYPD responses to major events and incidents that require specifically trained and equipped personnel. It is under the command of the Chief of Special Operations. The Special Operations Bureau is responsible for the Emergency Service Unit, Aviation Unit, Harbor Unit, Mounted Unit, Strategic Response Group, Crisis Outreach and Support Unit.
Transit Bureau Chief of Transit The Transit Bureau Oversees NYPD transit officers in the New York City Subway. It is under the command of the Chief of Transit. This Bureau is responsible for 12 transit districts, each located within or adjacent to the subway system, and overseen by three borough commands: Manhattan, Brooklyn, and Bronx/Queens

Specialized units within the Transit Bureau include Borough Task Forces, Anti-Terrorism Unit, Citywide Vandals Task Force, Canine Unit, Special Projects Unit, and MetroCard Fraud Task Force.

Housing Bureau Chief of Housing The Housing Bureau Oversees law enforcement within New York City public housing. It is under the command of the Chief of Housing There are nine police service areas, each covering a collection of housing developments.
Transportation Bureau Chief of Transportation The Transportation Bureau Manages highway patrol and traffic management in New York City. It is under the command of the Chief of Transportation. Traffic Management Center, Highway District, Traffic Operations District, Traffic Enforcement District
Counterterrorism Bureau Chief of Counterterrorism The Counterterrorism Bureau counters, investigates, analyzes, and prevents terrorism in New York City. It is under the command of the Chief of Counterterrorism. Critical Response Command, Counterterrorism Division, Terrorism Threat Analysis Group, Lower Manhattan Security Initiative, World Trade Center Command
Crime Control Strategies Bureau Chief of Crime Control Strategies The Crime Control Strategies Bureau oversees the analysis and monitoring of trends across New York City, develops strategies targeted to reduce crime, and applies strategies to the NYPD. It is under the command of the Chief of Crime Control Strategies CompStat Unit, Crime Analysis Unit
Detective Bureau Chief of Detectives The Detectives Bureau oversees NYPD detectives. The Detectives are in charge of preventing, detecting, and investigating crime in New York City. It is under the command of the Chief of Detectives. Borough Investigative Commands, Special Victims Division, Forensic Investigations Division, Special Investigations Division, Criminal Enterprise Division, Fugitive Enforcement Division, Real Time Crime Center, District Attorneys Squad, Grand Larceny Division, Gun Violence Suppression Division, Vice Enforcement Division
Intelligence Bureau Chief of Intelligence The Intelligence Bureau oversees the collection and analysis of data to detect and disrupt criminal and terrorist activity in New York City. It is under the command of the Chief of Intelligence. Intelligence Operations and Analysis Section, Criminal Intelligence Section
Internal Affairs Bureau Chief of Internal Affairs The Internal Affairs Bureau investigates police misconduct within the NYPD. It is under the command of the Chief of Internal Affairs. N/A
Employee Relations Deputy Commissioner of Employee Relations Employee Relations oversees the fraternal, religious, and line organizations of the NYPD, as well as ceremonial customs. It is under the command of the Deputy Commissioner of Employee Relations. Employee Relations Section, Chaplains Unit, Ceremonial Unit, Sports Unit
Collaborative Policing Deputy Commissioner of Collaborative Policing Collaborative Policing works with non-profits, community-based organizations, faith-based communities, other law enforcement agencies, and other New York City stakeholders on public safety initiatives. It is under the command of the Deputy Commissioner of Collaborative Policing N/A
Community Affairs Bureau Chief of Community Affairs The Community Affairs Bureau works with community leaders, civic organizations, block associations, and the public to educate on police policies and practices; it is also responsible for NYPD officers in schools and investigates juvenile delinquency. It is under the command of the Chief of Community Affairs. Community Outreach Division, Crime Prevention Division, Juvenile Justice Division, School Safety Division
Information Technology Bureau Chief of Information Technology The Information Technology Bureau oversees the maintenance, research, development, and implementation of technology to support strategies, programs, and procedures within the NYPD. It is under the command of the Chief of Information Technology. Administration, Fiscal Affairs, Strategic Technology, IT Services Division, Life-Safety Systems, Communications Division
Legal Matters Bureau Deputy Commissioner of Legal Matters The Legal Matters Bureau assists NYPD personnel regarding department legal matters; controversially, it has a memorandum of understanding with the Manhattan District Attorney to selectively prosecute New York City Criminal Court summons and court cases. It is under the command of the Deputy Commissioner of Legal Matters Civil Enforcement Unit, Criminal Section, Civil Section, Legislative Affairs Unit, Document Production/FOIL, Police Action Litigation Section
Personnel Bureau Chief of Personnel The Personnel Bureau oversees the recruitment and selection of personnel, as well as managing the human resource functions of the NYPD. It is under the command of the Chief of Personnel. Candidate Assessment Division, Career Enhancement Division, Employee Management Division, Personnel Orders Section, Staff Services Section
Public Information Deputy Commissioner of Public Information Public Information works with media organizations to provide information to the public. It is under the command of the Deputy Commissioner of Public Information. N/A
Risk Management Assistant Chief of Risk Management Risk Management oversees the performance of police officers and identifies officers who may require enhanced training or supervision. It is under the command of the Assistant Chief of Risk Management. N/A
Support Services Bureau Deputy Commissioner of Support Services Support Services Bureau manages equipment, maintenance, and storage, primarily evidence storage and fleet maintenance. It is under the command of the Deputy Commissioner of Support Services. Fleet Services Division, Property Clerk Division, Central Records Division, Printing Section
Training Bureau Chief of Training The Training Bureau oversees the training of recruits, officers, staff, and civilians. It is under the command of the Chief of Training. Recruit Training Section, Physical Training and Tactics Department, Tactical Training Unit, Firearms and Tactics Section, COBRA Training, In-Service Tactical Training Unit, Driver Education and Training Unit, Computer Training Unit, Civilian Training Program, School Safety Training Unit, Instructor Development Unit, Criminal Investigation Course, Leadership Development Section, Citizens Police Academy

Rank structure

[edit]

Officers graduate from the Police Academy after five and a half to six months (or sometimes more) of training in various academic, physical, and tactical fields. For the first 18 months of their careers, they are designated as "Probationary Police Officers", or more informally, "rookies".

There are three career "tracks" in the NYPD: supervisory, investigative, and specialist. The supervisory track consists of nine ranks; promotion to the ranks of sergeant, lieutenant, and captain are made via competitive civil service examinations. After reaching the rank of captain, promotion to the ranks of deputy inspector, inspector, deputy chief, assistant chief, (bureau) chief, and chief of department is at the discretion of the police commissioner. Promotion from the rank of police officer to detective is discretionary by the police commissioner or required by law when the officer has performed eighteen months or more of investigative duty.

Badges

[edit]

Badges in the New York City Police Department are referred to as "shields" (the traditional term), though not all badge designs are strictly shield-shaped. Some officers have used "Pottsy" badges, "dupes", or duplicate badges, as officers are punished for losing their shield by also losing up to ten days' pay.[36]

Every rank has a different badge design (except "police officer" and "probationary police officer") and, upon change in rank, officers receive a new badge. Lower-ranked police officers are identified by their shield numbers, and tax registry numbers. Lieutenants and above do not have shield numbers and are identified by tax registry numbers. All sworn members of the NYPD have their ID card photos taken against a red background. Civilian employees of the NYPD have their ID card photos taken against a blue background, signifying that they are not commissioned to carry a firearm. All ID cards have an expiration date. Although the First Deputy Commissioner and Chief of Department share the same insignia (four stars), the First Deputy Commissioner outranks the Chief of Department. The Deputy Commissioners Bureau Chiefs/Bureau Chief Chaplains and Chief Surgeon have three stars.

Rank Insignia Badge design Badge color Badge number Uniform
Police Commissioner
With requisite number of stars and rank 		Gold, with silver star(s) No White shirt,
dark blue peaked cap,
gold hat badge
First Deputy Commissioner
Chief of Department
Deputy Commissioner (has no operational command; however, has a rank equivalent to a bureau chief)
Bureau Chief &
Bureau Chief Chaplain †
Assistant Chief &
Assistant Chief Chaplain †
Deputy Chief &
Deputy Chief Chaplain †
Chaplain and Surgeon badges differ
Inspector &
Chaplain †
Chaplain and Surgeon badges differ 		Gold
Deputy Inspector
Captain
Lieutenant
(shoulder & collar)
Sergeant
(sleeve) 		Yes Navy blue shirt,
peaked cap,
gold hat badge
Detective None
Police Officer Silver Yes,
matching hat badge 		Navy blue shirt,
peaked cap,
silver hat badge with matching number
Probationary Officer
Recruit Officer Yes Slate grey,
black garrison cap
Cadet None

^ †: Rank that has no police powers

Department composition

[edit]

As of October 2023, the NYPD's current authorized uniformed strength is 33,536.[37] There are also 19,454 civilian employees, including approximately 4,500 auxiliary police officers, 5,500 school safety agents, and 3,500 traffic enforcement agents currently employed by the department. The Police Benevolent Association of the City of New York (NYC PBA), the largest municipal police union in the United States, represents over 50,000 active and retired NYC police officers.

Of the entire 33,536-member police force in 2023: 47% are white and 53% are members of minority groups. [more detail needed]

Of 21,603 officers on patrol:

  • 43% are non-Hispanic white
  • 57% are black, Latino (of any race), or Asian or Asian-American.[more detail needed]

Of 5,164 detectives:

  • 52% are non-Hispanic white
  • 48% are black, Latino (of any race), or Asian or Asian-American.[more detail needed]

Of 4,376 sergeants:

  • 52% are non-Hispanic white
  • 48% are black, Latino (of any race), or Asian or Asian-American.[more detail needed]

Of 1,635 lieutenants:

  • 59% are non-Hispanic white
  • 41% are black, Latino (of any race), or Asian or Asian-American.[more detail needed]

Of 360 captains:

  • 62% are non-Hispanic white
  • 38% are black, Latino (of any race), or Asian or Asian-American.[more detail needed]

Of 101 police chiefs:

Women in the NYPD

[edit]
See also: Women in policing in the United States

On January 1, 2022, Keechant Sewell became the first woman to serve as the NYPD Commissioner.[38] Juanita N. Holmes, appointed Chief of the Patrol Bureau in 2020, was the first black woman to hold this command and at the time of her appointment, was the highest-ranked uniformed woman in the NYPD.[39] On June 12, 2023, Sewell announced that she was stepping down as commissioner. No reason was given for her departure.

Place of residence

[edit]

As a rule, NYPD officers can reside in New York City as well as Westchester, Rockland, Orange, Putnam, Suffolk and Nassau counties and approximately half of them live outside the city (51% in 2020, up from 42% in 2016).[40][41] Legislation has been introduced to require newly hired officers to reside in New York City.[42]

Line of duty deaths

[edit]

The NYPD has lost 932 officers in the line of duty since 1849. This figure includes officers from agencies that were later absorbed by or became a part of the modern NYPD, in addition to the NYPD itself. This number also includes 28 officers killed on and off duty by gunfire of other officers on duty. Gunfire from adversaries has resulted in the deaths of 286 officers.[43] The NYPD lost 23 officers in the September 11, 2001 attacks, not including another 247 who later died of 9/11-related illnesses.[44] The NYPD has more line-of-duty deaths than any other American law enforcement agency.[43]

Services

[edit]

The NYPD has a broad array of specialized services, including the Emergency Service Unit, K9, harbor patrol, air support, bomb squad, counter-terrorism, criminal intelligence, anti-gang, anti-organized crime, narcotics, public transportation, and public housing units. The NYPD Intelligence Division & Counter-Terrorism Bureau has officers stationed in eleven cities internationally.[45][46]

In 2019 the NYPD responded to 482,337 reports of crime and made 214,617 arrests.[10] There were 95,606 major felonies reported in 2019, compared to over half a million per year when crime in New York City peaked during the crack epidemic of the 1980s and 1990s.[47]

Reported number of major felony offenses
Crime 1990 2000 2010 2019
Murder 2,262 673 536 319
Rape 3,126 2,068 1,373 1,755[a]
Robbery 100,280 32,562 19,486 13,371
Assault 44,122 25,924 16,956 20,696
Burglary 122,055 38,352 18,600 10,783
Larceny 108,487 49,631 37,835 43,250
Auto theft 146,925 35,442 10,329 5,430
Total 527,257 184,652 105,115 95,606
  1. ^ The definition of rape was widened at the federal level in 2013[48]

Public opinion

[edit]
Public approval of the NYPD over time

The Quinnipiac University Polling Institute has been regularly measuring public opinion of the NYPD since 1997 when just under 50% of the public approved of the job the NYPD was doing. Approval peaked at 78% in 2002 following the World Trade Center terrorist attacks in September 2001, and has ranged between 52 and 72% since.[49]

Approval varies by race/ethnicity, with black and Hispanic respondents consistently less likely to say they approve of the job the NYPD is doing than whites.[49]

In 2017, the Quinnipiac poll found that New York City voters approve of the way NYPD, in general, does its job by a margin of 67–25%. Approval was 79–15 percent among white voters, 52–37 percent among black voters, and 73–24 percent among Hispanic voters. 86% of voters said crime is a serious problem, 71% said police brutality is a serious problem and 61% said police corruption is a serious problem.[50]

A 2020 poll commissioned by Manhattan Institute for Policy Research reported that the public approved of the NYPD 53% to 40% against, again with strong racial differences: 59% of whites and Asians approved, as did 51% of Hispanics, whereas 51% of black residents disapproved.[51]

Corruption and misconduct cases

[edit]
Main article: New York City Police Department corruption and misconduct

The NYPD has a long history of police brutality, misconduct, and corruption, as well as discrimination on the basis of race, religion and sexuality.[14][52][53][54][13][55] Critics, including from within the NYPD, have accused the NYPD of manipulating crime statistics.[56][57] In 2009, NYPD officer Adrian Schoolcraft was arrested, abducted by his fellow officers and involuntarily admitted to a psychiatric hospital after he provided evidence of manipulation of crime statistics (intentional under reporting of crimes) and intentional wrongful arrests (to meet arrest quotas). He filed a federal suit against the department, which the city settled before trial in 2015, also giving him back pay for the period when he was suspended.[58][59]

The Knapp Commission found in 1970 that the NYPD had systematic corruption problems.[60]

The Civilian Complaint Review Board is an all-civilian, 13-member panel tasked with investigating misconduct or lesser abuse accusations against NYPD officers, including use of excessive force, abuse of authority, discourtesy, and offensive language. Complaints against officers may be filed online, by mail, by phone, or in person at any NYPD station.[61] On June 8, 2020, both houses of the New York state assembly passed the Eric Garner Anti-Chokehold Act, which provides that any police officer in the state of New York who injures or kills somebody through the use of "a chokehold or similar restraint" can be charged with a class C felony, punishable by up to 15 years in prison.[62] New York Governor Andrew Cuomo signed the police reforms into law on June 12, 2020, which he described as "long overdue".[63][62]

In 2020 during the early part of the COVID-19 pandemic, many NYPD officers refused to wear face masks while policing protests related to racial injustice, contrary to the recommendations of health experts and authorities.[64] During the George Floyd protests, The New York Times reported that more than 60 videos showed NYPD police attacking protesters, many of whom were attacked without cause.[65] Included in these attacks were the 'kettling' of protesters,[66] an officer removing the mask of a protester and pepper spraying him,[67] and an incident where police vehicles were driven into a crowd.[68] An investigation by New York City's Department of Investigation concluded that the NYPD had exercised excessive force during the George Floyd protests.[69]

The NYPD has been persistently criticized by safe streets advocates for endangering cyclists by parking their vehicles in bike lanes,[70][71][72] and for misapplying the law when ticketing cyclists riding outside blocked bike lanes.[73]

According to a 2021 FiveThirtyEight analysis, New York City spent at least an average of US$170 million annually in settlements related to police misconduct over ten years.[74]

In 2024, the NYPD tossed out more than 400 civilian complaints about police misconduct without reviewing the evidence. All of the cases had been investigated by the Civilian Complaint Review Board.[75] In March, NYPD commissioner Edward Caban said that the force had exceeded its overtime budget by $100 million, spending $2.5 million a week on overtime alone amid political demonstrations throughout the city and increased deployments in the subway system.[76] Police overtime spending went from $4 million in 2022 to $155 million in 2023.[77] In September, the NYPD was also accused of extorting a Brooklyn bar owner. The owner said that associate director Ray Martin of the mayor's Office of Entertainment and Nightlife told him that he could pay Commissioner Caban's brother for better treatment from police.[78] Caban resigned his commission shortly after, following a federal investigation into the NYPD's nightclub enforcement.[79] Three days before resigning, Caban watered down the NYPD's misconduct rules, reducing penalties for officers "guilty of abusing authority, using offensive language, failing to take a civilian complaint, and conducting an unlawful search."[80]

Technology

[edit]

In the 1990s the department developed a CompStat system of management which has also since been established in other cities. The NYPD has extensive crime scene investigation and laboratory resources, as well as units that assist with computer crime investigations. In 2005, the NYPD established a "Real Time Crime Center" to assist in investigations;[81] This is essentially a searchable database that pulls information from departmental records, including traffic tickets, court summonses, and previous complaints to reports,[82] as well as arrest reports.[81] The database contains files to identify individuals based on tattoos, body marks, teeth, and skin conditions, based on police records.[81]

NYPD also maintains the Domain Awareness System, a network that provides information and analytics to police, drawn from a variety of sources, including a network of 9,000 publicly and privately owned surveillance cameras, license plate readers, ShotSpotter data, NYPD databases and radiation and chemical sensors.[83] The Domain Awareness System of surveillance was developed as part of Lower Manhattan Security Initiative in a partnership between the NYPD and Microsoft.[84] It allows the NYPD to track surveillance targets and gain detailed information about them. It also has access to data from at least 2 billion license plate readings, 100 million summonses, 54 million 911 calls, 15 million complaints, 12 million detective reports, 11 million arrests, and 2 million warrants. The data from the 9,000 CCTV cameras is kept for 30 days. Text records are searchable. The system is connected to 9,000 video cameras around New York City.[85]

In 2020, the NYPD deployed a robotic dog, known as Digidog, manufactured by Boston Dynamics.[86] The robotic dog has cameras which send back real-time footage along with lights and two-way communication, and it is able to navigate on its own using artificial intelligence.[87][88][89][90] Reaction by locals to Digidog was mixed.[91] Deployment of Digidog led to condemnation from the Surveillance Technology Oversight Project and the American Civil Liberties Union due to privacy concerns.[90][91] In response to its deployment, a city council member has proposed a law banning armed robots; this would not apply to Digidog as Digidog is not armed and Boston Dynamics prohibits arming its robots.[91] On April 24, 2021, U.S. Representative Ritchie Torres proposed new federal legislation requiring police departments receiving federal funds to report use of surveillance technology to the Department of Homeland Security and Congress.[90] The NYPD states that the robot is meant for hostage, terrorism, bomb threat, and hazardous material situations, and that it was properly disclosed to the public under current law.[90] Following continued pushback against Digidog, including opposition to the system's $94,000 price tag, the NYPD announced on April 28, 2021, that its lease would be terminated.[92] In April 2023, Mayor Eric Adams announced the revival of the Digidog program in a reversal of his predecessor Bill de Blasio, saying "Digidog is out of the pound." Two robots were purchased at that time for a total of $750,000 using funds from asset forfeiture.[93]

Vehicles

[edit]
Main article: List of vehicles of the New York City Police Department
NYPD Ford Police Interceptor Utility
NYPD Dodge Charger
A Ford Mustang Mach-E with the New York City Police Department

Firearms

[edit]

On duty

[edit]

New NYPD officers are allowed to choose from one of two 9mm service pistols: the Glock 17 Gen4 and Glock 19 Gen4.[94] All duty handguns were previously modified to a 12-pound (53 N) NY-2 trigger pull, though recruits were being issued handguns with a lighter trigger pull as of 2021.[95]

The Smith & Wesson 5946 semi-automatic 9mm with a double action only (DAO) trigger, was issued to recruits in the past;[96] however, the pistol has been discontinued.[97] While it is no longer an option for new hires, officers who were issued the weapon may continue to use it.

Shotgun-certified officers were authorized to carry Ithaca 37 shotguns, which are being phased out in favor of the newer Mossberg 590. Officers and detectives belonging to the NYPD's Emergency Service Unit, Counter-terrorism Bureau and Strategic Response Group are armed with a range of select-fire weapons and long guns, such as the Colt M4A1 carbine and similar-pattern Colt AR-15 rifles, Heckler & Koch MP5 submachine gun, and the Remington Model 700 bolt-action rifle.[98] NYPD ESU Officers also use the Ruger Mini 14 556 rifle.

Discontinued from service

[edit]

From 1926 until 1986 the standard weapons of the department were the Smith & Wesson Model 10 and the Colt Official Police .38 Special revolvers with four-inch barrels. Female officers had the option to choose to carry a three-inch barrel revolver instead of the normal four-inch model due to its lighter weight. Before 1994, the standard weapon of the NYPD was the Smith & Wesson Model 64 DAO, a .38 Special revolver with a three- or four-inch barrel, and the Ruger Police Service-Six with a four-inch barrel. This type of revolver was called the Model NY-1 by the department. After the switch in 1994 to semi-automatic pistols, officers who privately purchased revolvers before January 1, 1994, were allowed to use them for duty use until August 31, 2018. They were grandfathered in as approved off-duty guns.[94]

Before the issuing of the 9mm semi-automatic pistol NYPD detectives and plainclothes officers often carried the Colt Detective Special and/or the Smith & Wesson Model 36 "Chief's Special" .38 Special caliber snub-nosed (two-inch) barrel revolvers for their ease of concealment while dressed in civilian clothes.

The Kahr K9 9mm pistol was an approved off-duty/backup weapon from 1998 to 2011. It was pulled from service because it could not be modified to a 12-pound trigger pull.

Affiliations

[edit]

The NYPD is affiliated with the New York City Police Foundation and the New York City Police Museum. It also runs a Youth Police academy to provide a positive interaction with police officers and to educate young people about the challenges and responsibilities of police work. The NYPD additionally sponsors a Law Enforcement Explorer Program through Scouting America (formerly the Boy Scouts of America).[99] The department also operates the Citizens Police Academy, which educates the public on basic law and policing procedures.

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b c "Report to the Committees on Finance and Public Safety on the Fiscal 2022 Executive Budget for the New York Police Department" (PDF). New York City Council. May 11, 2021. p. 2. Archived (PDF) from the original on October 24, 2021. Retrieved October 13, 2021.
  2. ^ a b "Report of the Finance Division on the Fiscal 2022 Preliminary Budget and the Fiscal 2021 Preliminary Mayor's Management Report for the New York Police Department" (PDF). council.nyc.gov. March 16, 2021. Archived (PDF) from the original on October 7, 2021. Retrieved April 2, 2022.
  3. ^ "QuickFacts: New York City, New York". U.S. Census Bureau. Archived from the original on October 23, 2021. Retrieved August 17, 2021.
  4. ^ "Find Your Precinct and Sector - NYPD". NYPD. Archived from the original on March 4, 2021. Retrieved October 12, 2019.
  5. ^ "Fleet Report - Mayor's Office of Operations". www1.nyc.gov. Archived from the original on May 3, 2021. Retrieved February 12, 2018.
  6. ^ "NYPD Crew: Meet the Mechanics Who Keep Police Cars, Boats, and Helicopters Alive". Popular Mechanics. February 28, 2018. Archived from the original on May 3, 2021. Retrieved May 3, 2021.
  7. ^ "Bureau of Justice Statistics - Appendix table 1" (PDF). United States Department of Justice. p. 34. Archived (PDF) from the original on January 18, 2020. Retrieved December 5, 2013.
  8. ^ "About NYPD - NYPD". www1.nyc.gov. Archived from the original on January 14, 2020. Retrieved July 31, 2020.
  9. ^ "Microsoft Power BI". app.powerbigov.us. Archived from the original on April 20, 2021. Retrieved April 8, 2021.
  10. ^ a b "NYPD Complaint Data Historic". NYC Open Data. Archived from the original on October 23, 2020. Retrieved July 31, 2020.
  11. ^ Parascandola, Rocco (March 11, 2020). "Cops used more force in 2019 even as arrests fell last year: report". New York Daily News. Archived from the original on August 14, 2020. Retrieved July 31, 2020.
  12. ^ Akinnibi, Fola; Holder, Sarah; Cannon, Christopher (October 13, 2021). "NYC Cops Log Millions of Overtime Hours. New Yorkers Don't Feel Safer". CityLab. Bloomberg L.P. Archived from the original on October 14, 2021. Retrieved October 13, 2021. The NYPD has blown past annual budgets every year for at least two decades, almost entirely due to overtime costs.
  13. ^ a b Kane, Robert J.; White, Michael D. (2012). Jammed Up: Bad Cops, Police Misconduct, and the New York City Police Department. NYU Press. doi:10.18574/nyu/9780814748411.003.0001. ISBN 978-0-8147-4841-1.
  14. ^ a b McArdle, Andrea (2001). Zero tolerance: quality of life and the new police brutality in New York City. New York University Press. ISBN 0-8147-5631-X. OCLC 45094047.
  15. ^ Hennelly, Bob (July 17, 2016). "New York City's cycle of police corruption: Do reforms stick, and does it matter?". City & State NY. Archived from the original on December 17, 2021. Retrieved July 31, 2020.
  16. ^ The Wall Street Journal, May 13, 2017, p. C6
  17. ^ Browne, Arthur (June 28, 2015). "BOOK EXCERPT: First African-American to join NYPD suffered the silent hatred of his fellow officers". New York Daily News. Archived from the original on September 18, 2020. Retrieved August 3, 2020.
  18. ^ "Shomrim Society Formed by Jewish Members of New York P. D". Jewish Telegraphic Agency. November 14, 1924. Retrieved February 22, 2019.
  19. ^ "Hearing and Markup Before the Committee on Foreign Affairs and its Subcommittee on Europe and the Middle East, House of Representatives, Ninety-ninth Congress, Second Session, on H.R. 4329, March 5 and 6, 1986", Foreign Assistance for Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland, U.S. Government Printing Office, United States Congress House Committee on Foreign Affairs, 1986, archived from the original on January 21, 2023, retrieved December 16, 2021
  20. ^ "Biaggi, Mario (1917-2015)", Biographical Directory of the U.S. Congress, archived from the original on December 10, 2021, retrieved December 16, 2021
  21. ^ "Mario Biaggi, congressman under the gun". UPI. June 3, 1987. Archived from the original on December 10, 2021. Retrieved December 16, 2021.
  22. ^ Williams, Mason B. (2021). "How the Rockefeller Laws Hit the Streets: Drug Policing and the Politics of State Competence in New York City, 1973–1989". Modern American History. 4: 67–90. doi:10.1017/mah.2020.23. ISSN 2515-0456.
  23. ^ a b c "Shielded from Justice: New York: Civilian Complaint Review Board". Human Rights Watch. Archived from the original on November 12, 2020. Retrieved January 15, 2021.
  24. ^ Barkan, Ross (December 22, 2014). "Police Unions Haven't Only Battled Bill de Blasio's City Hall". Observer. Archived from the original on December 2, 2020. Retrieved January 15, 2021.
  25. ^ a b Oliver, Pamela (July 18, 2020). "When the NYPD Rioted". Race, Politics, Justice. Department of Sociology – University of Wisconsin-Madison. Archived from the original on February 28, 2021. Retrieved January 15, 2021.
  26. ^ "Compstat: Its Origins, Evolution, and Future in Law Enforcement Agencies". National Criminal Justice Reference Service. August 2013. Archived from the original on October 25, 2020. Retrieved August 29, 2020.
  27. ^ Didier, Emmanuel (July 30, 2018). "Globalization of Quantitative Policing: Between Management and Statactivism". Annual Review of Sociology. 44 (1): 515–534. doi:10.1146/annurev-soc-060116-053308. ISSN 0360-0572. S2CID 150164073.
  28. ^ Roeder, Oliver; Eisen, Lauren-Brooke; Bowling, Julia (February 12, 2015). "What Caused the Crime Decline?". Brennan Center for Justice. Archived from the original on January 19, 2021. Retrieved January 24, 2021.
  29. ^ Myers, Steven Lee (April 1995). "Giuliani Wins Police Merger in M.T.A. Vote". The New York Times. Archived from the original on May 23, 2018. Retrieved June 19, 2018.
  30. ^ "Marijuana Enforcement". New York Police Department. Archived from the original on April 10, 2021. Retrieved April 10, 2021.
  31. ^ "pix11.com".
  32. ^ "Chief of Department - NYPD". www1.nyc.gov. Archived from the original on May 18, 2020. Retrieved January 1, 2021.
  33. ^ "NYPD Chief Of Department". Archived from the original on December 28, 2019. Retrieved January 1, 2022.
  34. ^ "NYPD - Administration - Chief of Department". The City of New York. Archived from the original on September 20, 2016.
  35. ^ "Bureaus". New York Police Department. Archived from the original on May 20, 2017. Retrieved May 18, 2017.
  36. ^ Rivera, Ray (November 30, 2009). "The Officer Is Real; The Badge May Be an Impostor". The New York Times. Archived from the original on June 30, 2020. Retrieved June 28, 2020. [S]ome officers don't wear their badges on patrol...Instead, they wear fakes...[c]alled 'dupes,' these phony badges are often just a trifle smaller than real ones but otherwise completely authentic. Officers use them because losing a real badge can mean paperwork and a heavy penalty, as much as 10 days' pay...Though fake badges violate department policy, they are a quirk deeply embedded in the culture and history of the New York Police Department. Estimates of how many of the city's 35,000 officers use fake badges vary from several thousand to several hundred[,] roughly 25 officers are disciplined each year for using them...'lots of people have dupe shields,' said Eric Sanders, a lawyer and former police officer who now represents officers in disciplinary actions...Years ago...officers referred to a fake badge as a Pottsy, after the Jay Irving comic strip about a New York City police officer. They later took on the name dupes, for duplicates.
  37. ^ "About NYPD - NYPD (Demographics)" (PDF). www1.nyc.gov. Archived (PDF) from the original on July 1, 2020. Retrieved August 3, 2020.
  38. ^ "Keechant Sewell sworn in as NYPD's first female police commissioner". NBC News. Archived from the original on January 1, 2022. Retrieved January 1, 2022.
  39. ^ "Juanita Holmes Named 1st Female NYPD Chief of Patrol". NBC New York. October 29, 2020. Archived from the original on January 1, 2022. Retrieved January 1, 2022.
  40. ^ "A Majority Of NYPD Officers Don't Live In New York City, New Figures Show". Gothamist. August 8, 2020. Archived from the original on December 7, 2021. Retrieved December 7, 2021.
  41. ^ "This Interactive Map Shows You Where NYPD Officers Live". Gothamist. October 22, 2016. Archived from the original on December 7, 2021. Retrieved December 7, 2021.
  42. ^ "Senator Parker Proposes Legislation Aimed At Improving Police Relations in NYC" (Press release). New York State Senate. July 13, 2020. Archived from the original on December 7, 2021. Retrieved December 7, 2021.
  43. ^ a b "The Officer Down Memorial Page (ODMP)". www.odmp.org. Archived from the original on March 21, 2021. Retrieved April 11, 2021.
  44. ^ "New York City Police Department, NY". The Officer Down Memorial Page (ODMP). Archived from the original on March 16, 2021. Retrieved March 19, 2021.
  45. ^ "Document shows NYPD eyed Shiites based on religion". Associated Press. Archived from the original on September 29, 2013. Retrieved September 27, 2013.
  46. ^ Hartmann, Margaret (January 27, 2012). "NYPD Now Has an Israel Branch". New York. Archived from the original on September 28, 2013. Retrieved September 27, 2013.
  47. ^ "Crime Stats - Historical - NYPD". www1.nyc.gov. Archived from the original on August 18, 2020. Retrieved August 29, 2020.
  48. ^ "An Updated Definition of Rape". U.S. Department of Justice. January 6, 2012. Archived from the original on December 3, 2021. Retrieved January 23, 2021.
  49. ^ a b "QU Poll Release Detail". Quinnipiac University. Archived from the original on October 20, 2020. Retrieved October 18, 2020.
  50. ^ "QU Poll Release Detail". Quinnipiac University. Archived from the original on June 6, 2020. Retrieved July 31, 2020.
  51. ^ Hendrix, Michael (August 27, 2020). "Taking the City's Temperature: What New Yorkers Say About Crime, the Cost of Living, Schools, and Reform". Manhattan Institute. Archived from the original on October 21, 2020. Retrieved July 22, 2023.
  52. ^ "AP series about NYPD's surveillance of Muslims wins Pulitzer Prize for investigative reporting". The Washington Post. Associated Press. April 17, 2012. Archived from the original on April 17, 2012. Retrieved April 17, 2012.
  53. ^ Belcher, Ellen. "LibGuides: NYPD - Historical and Current Research: NYPD Oversight: Excessive Force, Corruption & Investigations". guides.lib.jjay.cuny.edu. Archived from the original on June 5, 2020. Retrieved June 5, 2020.
  54. ^ Rosen, Steven A. (1980). "Police Harassment of Homosexual Women and Men in New York City 1960-1980". Columbia Human Rights Review. Archived from the original on June 5, 2020. Retrieved June 5, 2020.
  55. ^ Gelman, Andrew; Fagan, Jeffrey; Kiss, Alex (September 1, 2007). "An Analysis of the New York City Police Department's "Stop-and-Frisk" Policy in the Context of Claims of Racial Bias". Journal of the American Statistical Association. 102 (479): 813–823. doi:10.1198/016214506000001040. ISSN 0162-1459. S2CID 8505752.
  56. ^ Eterno, John (September 20, 2017). The New York City Police Department: the impact of its policies and practices. Taylor & Francis. p. 152. ISBN 978-1-138-45859-8. OCLC 1091191466.
  57. ^ Durkin, Erin. "NYPD, de Blasio blame bail reform for crime spike as defenders question police stats". Politico PRO. Archived from the original on January 21, 2023. Retrieved June 5, 2020.
  58. ^ Goodman, J. David (September 29, 2015). "Officer Who Disclosed Police Misconduct Settles Suit". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on July 23, 2020. Retrieved June 14, 2020.
  59. ^ "Right to Remain Silent". This American Life. September 10, 2010. Archived from the original on June 14, 2020. Retrieved June 14, 2020.
  60. ^ Rabe-Hemp, Cara (2011), "Police Corruption and Code of Silence", Police and Law Enforcement, SAGE, p. 132, doi:10.4135/9781412994095.n10, ISBN 9781412978590, archived from the original on April 15, 2021, retrieved April 15, 2021
  61. ^ "About - CCRB". www1.nyc.gov. Archived from the original on April 23, 2020. Retrieved April 21, 2020.
  62. ^ a b Freiman, Jordan (June 8, 2020). "New York lawmakers pass anti-chokehold bill named for Eric Garner". CBS News. Archived from the original on February 10, 2021. Retrieved June 11, 2020.
  63. ^ "N.Y. Gov. Cuomo Signs Sweeping Police Reforms Into Law, Says They're 'Long Overdue'". June 12, 2020. Archived from the original on February 10, 2021. Retrieved June 13, 2020.
  64. ^ Wilson, Michael (June 11, 2020). "Why Are So Many N.Y.P.D. Officers Refusing to Wear Masks at Protests?". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on June 13, 2020. Retrieved June 13, 2020.
  65. ^ McCann, Allison; Migliozzi, Blacki; Newman, Andy; Buchanan, Larry; Byrd, Aaron (July 15, 2020). "N.Y.P.D. Says It Used Restraint During Protests. Here's What the Videos Show". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on July 16, 2020. Retrieved July 16, 2020.
  66. ^ Watkins, Ali (June 5, 2020). "'Kettling' of Peaceful Protesters Shows Aggressive Shift by N.Y. Police". The New York Times. Archived from the original on April 9, 2022. Retrieved March 8, 2021.
  67. ^ "Protester Speaks Out After Mask Ripped Off By NYPD and Pepper-Sprayed in Brooklyn". WNBC. Archived from the original on June 6, 2020. Retrieved March 8, 2021.
  68. ^ "George Floyd protests: Video shows NYPD vehicles driving into crowd". Global News. Archived from the original on February 27, 2021. Retrieved March 8, 2021.
  69. ^ "NYPD used excessive force during George Floyd protests, city investigation finds". NBC News. December 18, 2020. Archived from the original on December 18, 2020. Retrieved December 18, 2020.
  70. ^ Offenhartz, Jake (September 10, 2021). "De Blasio Promises Answers After NYPD Personal Vehicles Take Over Brand New Bike Lane". Gothamist. Archived from the original on September 27, 2022. Retrieved September 27, 2022.
  71. ^ Colon, David (September 6, 2017). "Cops Find Awesome Parking Spots In Strange Green-Painted Street Lanes". Gothamist. Archived from the original on January 21, 2023. Retrieved September 27, 2022.
  72. ^ Manskar, Noah (July 3, 2019). "Cops Park In Bike Lanes As NYC Cyclist Fatalities Increase". Patch. Archived from the original on September 27, 2022. Retrieved September 27, 2022.
  73. ^ Colon, David (April 28, 2017). "The NYPD Is Cracking Down On Cyclists Riding Outside Bike Lanes". Gothamist. Archived from the original on September 27, 2022. Retrieved September 27, 2022.
  74. ^ Thomson-DeVeaux, Amelia (February 22, 2021). "Police Misconduct Costs Cities Millions Every Year. But That's Where The Accountability Ends". FiveThirtyEight. Archived from the original on February 22, 2021. Retrieved February 22, 2021.
  75. ^ Umansky, Eric (September 11, 2024). "The NYPD Is Tossing Out Hundreds of Misconduct Cases — Including Stop-and-Frisks — Without Even Looking at Them". ProPublica. Retrieved September 14, 2024.
  76. ^ "NYPD busting its budget by nearly $100 million on overtime spending". ABC7 New York. March 20, 2024. Retrieved September 25, 2024.
  77. ^ Ostadan, Bahar (December 21, 2023). "NYPD overtime pay in the subway went from $4 million to $155 million this year". Gothamist. Retrieved September 25, 2024.
  78. ^ Dienst, Jonathan; Russo, Melissa; Bognar • •, Steve (September 12, 2024). "Bar owner alleges he was victim of 'shakedown' amid growing federal criminal probe into City Hall, NYPD". NBC New York. Retrieved September 13, 2024.
  79. ^ Dienst, Jonathan; Santia, Marc; Russo, Melissa; Winter, Tom; Siff • •, Andrew (September 12, 2024). "NYPD Commissioner Edward Caban resigns amid federal nightclub probe". NBC New York. Retrieved September 13, 2024.
  80. ^ Blau, Reuven (September 13, 2024). "Caban Watered Down NYPD Misconduct Rules as Final Act". THE CITY - NYC News. Retrieved September 25, 2024.
  81. ^ a b c Michael S. Schmidt, Have a Tattoo or Walk With a Limp? The Police May Know Archived June 19, 2020, at the Wayback Machine, New York Times (February 18, 2010).
  82. ^ Joseph Goldstein, If Son of Sam Were on the Loose Today Archived August 5, 2020, at the Wayback Machine, New York Times (March 10, 2011).
  83. ^ Ángel Díaz, New York City Police Department Surveillance Technology Archived May 11, 2020, at the Wayback Machine, Brennan Center for Justice (October 4, 2019).
  84. ^ "Developing the NYPD's Information Technology" (PDF). New York Police Department. Archived from the original (PDF) on August 18, 2019. Retrieved June 8, 2019.
  85. ^ Levine, E. S.; Tisch, Jessica; Tasso, Anthony; Joy, Michael (February 2017). "The New York City Police Department's Domain Awareness System". Interfaces. 47 (1): 70–84. doi:10.1287/inte.2016.0860.
  86. ^ Richardson, Kemberly (December 11, 2020). "NY Police Department's new robot dog, 'Digidog', is already saving lives". ABC7 San Francisco. Archived from the original on April 25, 2021. Retrieved April 25, 2021.
  87. ^ Cramer, Maria; Hauser, Christine (February 27, 2021). "Digidog, a Robotic Dog Used by the Police, Stirs Privacy Concerns". The New York Times. Archived from the original on April 14, 2021. Retrieved April 14, 2021.
  88. ^ Dowd, Trone (February 23, 2021). "The NYPD Sent a Creepy Robotic Dog Into a Bronx Apartment Building". Vice News. Archived from the original on April 14, 2021. Retrieved April 14, 2021.
  89. ^ Richardson, Kemberly (December 10, 2020). "Exclusive: A look at the NYPD's new robot dog". WABC-TV. Archived from the original on April 14, 2021. Retrieved April 14, 2021.
  90. ^ a b c d Kaden, Allison (April 24, 2021). "NYPD robotic dog prompts New York Rep. Torres to draft legislation". PIX11. Archived from the original on April 25, 2021. Retrieved April 25, 2021.
  91. ^ a b c Fussell, Sidney (March 18, 2021). "A New York Lawmaker Wants to Ban Police Use of Armed Robots". Wired. ISSN 1059-1028. Archived from the original on April 22, 2021. Retrieved April 25, 2021.
  92. ^ Zaveri, Mihir (April 28, 2021). "N.Y.P.D. Robot Dog's Run Is Cut Short After Fierce Backlash". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on April 29, 2021. Retrieved April 29, 2021.
  93. ^ Rubinstein, Dana (April 11, 2023). "Security Robots. DigiDog. GPS Launchers. Welcome to New York". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved April 12, 2023.
  94. ^ a b Moss, Matthew (November 30, 2017). "NYPD Set to Retire Last of its Revolvers". The Firearm Blog. Archived from the original on December 1, 2017.
  95. ^ Parascandola, Rocco (August 25, 2021). "NYPD will issue easier-to-fire guns to new recruits, aiming for improved accuracy". New York Daily News. Archived from the original on January 10, 2022. Retrieved January 10, 2022.
  96. ^ "Training Bureau | Firearms & Tactics Section". The City of New York. Archived from the original on March 12, 2009.
  97. ^ "Guide to Smith & Wesson Semi-Auto Pistols & Their Model Numbers". www.luckygunner.com. January 9, 2015. Archived from the original on June 19, 2017. Retrieved November 30, 2017.
  98. ^ "NYPD's Elite E-Men". Tactical Life. July 2009. Archived from the original on August 5, 2014. Retrieved July 26, 2014.
  99. ^ "New York City Exploring – Discover Your Future". Archived from the original on April 17, 2022. Retrieved April 16, 2022.

Further reading

[edit]
  • Darien, Andrew T. Becoming New York's Finest: Race, Gender, and the Integration of the NYPD, 1935–1980. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2013.
  • Elliot, Bryn (March–April 1997). "Bears in the Air: The US Air Police Perspective". Air Enthusiast. No. 68. pp. 46–51. ISSN 0143-5450.
  • Miller, Wilbur R. Cops, and bobbies: Police authority in New York and London, 1830–1870 (The Ohio State University Press, 1999)
  • Monkkonen, Eric H. Police in Urban America, 1860–1920 (2004)
  • Richardson, James F. The New York Police, Colonial Times to 1901 (Oxford University Press, 1970)
  • Richardson, James F. "To Control the City: The New York Police in Historical Perspective". In Cities in American History, eds. Kenneth T. Jackson and Stanley K. Schultz (1972) pp. 3–13.
  • Thale, Christopher. "The Informal World of Police Patrol: New York City in the Early Twentieth Century", Journal of Urban History (2007) 33#2 pp. 183–216. doi:10.1177/0096144206290384.
[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to New York City Police Department.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=New_York_City_Police_Department&oldid=1258543012"